Habitação na Comunidade Indígena Darôra : mudanças no processo construtivo, formas de morar e uso dos recursos naturais

Abstract

Indigenous communities, such as the Darôra community (TISM), have developed knowledge systems, passed down from generation to generation called ethno-knowledge, which have a geographical character and represent in a relevant way their society-nature relationship. Its geographic space has undergone more accentuated transformations and at different scales, since the arrival of Europeans on the American continent, reflected in the production methods of the Darôra community's dwellings. The objective is to investigate the changes that have occurred in the housing construction process and in the use of natural resources, as well as their management and changes in the landscape, the resulting housing typologies and the reasons for their choice. The geographic space of the Darôra indigenous community was considered as a sample universe; as sample units, 50% of the dwellings located in the center of the community. The house of Senhora Rosinha was added, located outside the locus, but which recently moved from a traditional building to one built with cement tiles and ceramic bricks. The research had an exploratory character. The method of inductive approach and qualitative character was used; as a method of procedures, research was adopted as: (i) documentary; (ii) bibliographic; (iii) field. As materials were used audio recorder, camera, books, scientific articles, computer, maps, satellite images, GPS. In order to record the Darôra community and its geographic space, methodological procedures were complemented by means of documentary research in legal processes related to the approval of TISM. There was also a semi-structured interview with community members (N = 4). For the mapping of the natural resource extraction sites used in the construction of housing, the field research was used as a method of procedure through: (i) participant observation; (ii) non-participant observation; (iii) semi-structured interview with community members (N = 2). In order to correlate the old and new forms of building houses with respect to comfort, methodological procedures were complemented with field research through: (i) participant observation; (ii) non-participant observation; (iii) semi-structured interview. The target audience was formed by residents of the community center, Ms. Rosinha and other older residents, being grouped according to the time frame (N = 11 and N = 13). Photographic records from the beginning of the 20th century already showed the influence of the surrounding society on the housing of indigenous communities, which were accentuated by the large national infrastructure projects since the 1950s. The current sedentary lifestyle of the Darôra community is related to the construction of housing in “more durable” character and adoption of “new” materials. There is dissatisfaction with these materials due to their incompatibility with the climate. Mutual help and ethno-knowledge about local geomorphology are still used in buildings. The scarcity of natural resources has been an object of concern for the Darôra community; forest islands, riparian forests and igapós are places of abundance and objects of care and management.