Mapeamento da cadeia produtiva de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos

Abstract

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, effective in Brazil from May 29, 1994, established among its objectives the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the exploitation of natural resources and knowledge. associated with it. To discipline the CBD recommendations, Brazil issued Provisional Measure No. 2,186 / 2001 and, subsequently, Law No. 13,123 / 2015 and Decree No. 8,772 / 2016. Phytotherapeutic medicines are products derived from plant species of biodiversity, whose medicinal properties constitute associated traditional knowledge that can be shared. In Brazil, the National Policy on Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines was created to promote the sustainable development of the medicinal plant production chain, the equitable sharing of the benefits derived from the exploration of genetic heritage and associated traditional knowledge, paying particular attention to the socioeconomic inclusion of medicinal plants. Family Farming as a strategy to address regional inequalities. Productive chain is a set of actions and actors that relate technically and economically from primary agricultural activity to the final consumer, incorporating processes of transportation, industrialization or transformation, packaging and distribution, retail trade. The study of the productive chain of Medicinal and Phytotherapeutic Plants provided a macro analysis of the product flow identifying its agents, their relationships, sectors and supporting organizations involved and the technological needs required by the activity. In addition, the research verified compliance with the Benefit Sharing regulation for the economic exploitation of herbal medicines from native plant species. The production chain study considered a five-level survey: (1) chain relations with the world economy; (2) chain relations with the local economy; (3) chain structure; (4) chain operation; and (5) interpretation of results. Secondary data were available from international and national institutions, reports and surveys conducted by representative entities of the sector, and existing studies on the subject. In the Benefit Sharing study, we used information from 3 databases: 1) INPI Patent Applications (IPC classes A61K35 / 78 and A61K36 / 00); 2) Records of herbal medicines at ANVISA; and 3) Finished Product and Benefit Sharing Agreements with the Ministry of Environment (MMA). The crossover of these data allowed us to verify the distribution of benefits by the chain of herbal medicines. 329 products were identified in ANVISA, using only 24.7% of Brazilian biodiversity species. Of the benefit-sharing contracts for access to associated traditional knowledge, none involve a manufacturer of herbal medicines. In Brazil, the allopathic products industries prevail, which include, in their list of activities, in a secondary way, the manufacture of herbal medicines. In the preparation of herbal medicines predominate the exotic plant species, although Brazil has the largest biodiversity on the planet. In the market Medicinal plant cultivars also predominate exotic species in the ratio of 8 exotic to each native. The participation of the production chain in benefit sharing is negligible, almost nil. Among 215 reported finished products, only 2, less than 1%, were made by herbalists.