Pagamento por Serviços Ecossistêmicos (PSE) de áreas protegidas e o desenvolvimento socioambiental de Roraima

Abstract

The great rise of environmentalism in the world has brought about radical changes in the daily lives of people everywhere. Preservationist and conservationist movements that had a romantic and recreational character at the outset acquired political, ideological, economic, philosophical and even religious or spiritual characteristics over time. The radicals of Deep Ecology or Ecocentrism fight for a pure and unspoiled environment. The moderates of Shallow Ecology defend technocentrism and anthropocentrism and reject the sacralization of nature because the best way to protect it is to integrateit with capitalism. Ecopoliticstries to harmonize these forces and put social issues in the focus of the environmental debate. Brazil, a country rich in natural resources, has almost 59% of its territory occupied by the Legal Amazon where only about 12% of the Brazilian population (just over 20 million people) produce only 8.5% of GDP. Due to the large amount of indigenous lands, legal reserves, national parks and other protected areas, the state of Roraima has the peculiarity of having 93% of its territory unavailablefor free economic exploitation. Besides assigning a high environmental cost to the local inhabitants, this scenario leads the poorest population to perform activities that are harmful to the environment, such as garimpo and the clearing of trees. Not infrequently, this leads to the marginalization of people who seek only to satisfy their basic needs, by virtue of the Brazilian legal system of a markedly repressive-punitive nature. The Socio-environmental Welfare State adopts pedagogic-incentive laws to encourage behavior through positive sanctions. Adopting economic instruments of a fiscal nature,such as payment for ecosystem services,materializes the protector-recipient principle, promotes the approximation of Ethics with Law, corrects market failures tointernalize social costs, and constitutes an efficient alternative to promote sustainable development in Roraima.