Os interesses geopolíticos do Brasil na Guiana Essequiba três períodos-chave na compreensão da posição brasileira diante da reclamação territorial empreendida pela Venezuela ante a Guyana

Abstract

The Guayana Esequiba constitutes a territorial surface characterized geomorphologically as a vertical strip, which is located in a West-East direction between the Orinoco and Essequibo basins, and in the North-South direction, between the Atlantic and Caribbean watershed. Guyanese Shield, and Sierra Mapuera or Sierra Acarai. This territory is quantified in 159,500 km², which at present, are claimed by Venezuela to Guyana, as a consequence of a long process of territorialization, occupation of spaces and games of influences, undertaken by the United Kingdom, which allowed the spatial increase of the colony of British Guiana. Decades later, Venezuela questioned the ruling of the Arbitral Award of Paris of 1899, which legally attributed to the United Kingdom, the totality of the spaces that were usurped from Venezuela. In this way, a territorial litigation began that covers 74.2% of the total area that formed the former British Guiana, whose spaces were ceded by the United Kingdom to Guyana during the independence process. Starting from the events described, before the political emancipation of Guyana, the founders of the national State, assumed the commitment to recognize the existence of a claim activated by Venezuela, and governed by the Geneva Agreement of 1966. When assessing the geographical situation of Guayana Esequiba, it is difficult to stop considering the relevant proximity of Brazil, since its presence is delineated by the watershed of Sierra Mapuera, near the northernmost point of the boundary between the Brazilian States of Roraima and Para, until continuing a tour that ends at Mount Roraima, on the border with Venezuela. Beyond the geographical confluence of Brazil and Venezuela with the Guayana Esequiba, the Geopolitical initiatives that both countries adopted as of the year 1966, generated political approaches and controversies in the Reclamation Zone. On these spaces, the Geopolitical Interests of Brazil were studied, understood as processes of territorialization of spaces and games of influence in the fields of Power. By virtue of that, the intensification or deviation of those interests was analyzed, on three periods of studies, namely; 1962-1969 / 1970-1982 / 1982-1998. In each of them, the national, regional and global context was explained, on which the actions of Brazil in its relations with Guyana were developed, identifying the implications of those relations in the territorial claim process activated by Venezuela. In virtue of the periodization and spatialization indicated, the consequences of the bilateral relations between Brazil and Guyana were explained, in the course of the territorial litigation undertaken by Venezuela. For this, the agreements promoted by Brazil were analyzed, mainly before Guyana, identifying a continuity in the planning and execution of State policies and geopolitical devices.